Leh Nubra Turtuk Pangong Tso Moriri Kargil Tour

About this tour

Leh:

Leh (Ladakh) has a rich and complex history, historically known by names such as Maryul, Kha-chump, Kia-Chha, and Ma-Lo-Pho. Early settlers included the Brokpas from Dadarstan and the Mons from Karja, with Gia serving as the seat of the first Mon ruler. The Dards, an Indo-Aryan race, originally inhabited the region and later saw the arrival of Tibetans, Skardoans, and Gugeans, whose cultural influences shaped Ladakh. Buddhism spread from central India to Tibet via Ladakh, while Islam also made its presence felt in the 16th century. The 10th century saw the Tibetan ruler Skit Lde Nemagon establish control over Ladakh, which was fragmented into smaller principalities at the time. Under King Singge Namgyal, the Ladakhi Empire was consolidated and became notable for its strong central authority and the construction of the Leh Palace. Historically, Ladakh was part of Greater Ladakh, a region that was neither influenced by Tibet nor China and witnessed fierce battles involving Tibet, China, and the Arabs. By the 8th century, Ladakh was conquered by Kashmir’s ruler, Laltadita, and later, Arabs established control over Central Asia. The area of Ladakh experienced various territorial changes, with western Tibet eventually being reunited by Sengge Namgyal in the 16th century. Post-partition, Pakistan and China occupied significant portions of Ladakh, leading to the current configuration where Ladakh is divided into the Leh and Kargil districts, established as separate administrative units in 1979.

Kargil:

Kargil, located in the Kargil district of Ladakh, India, is the second-largest town in the region after Leh. Positioned at 10,000 feet, it offers stunning views of the Himalayan and Karakoram ranges. It is 60 km from Drass, 204 km from Srinagar, 234 km from Leh, and 1,047 km from Delhi. The town lies along the Suru River and is notable for being home to two of the world’s highest passes, Zoji La and Pensi La.

Kargil is rich in Buddhist culture, featuring monasteries like Mulbekh Gompa and Nimmu Monastery. Its local cuisine includes thukpa, momos, and dumplings. The town is predominantly inhabited by Shia Muslims, with some Buddhists in nearby Dras Valley. Historically, Kargil has seen conflicts between the Mughal Empire and the Afghans. It serves as a gateway to the Zanskar Valley and offers various religious, cultural, and trekking opportunities, including the Markha Valley Trek and the Chadar Trek.

Nubra Valley:

Nubra Valley, located approximately 150 km from Leh in Jammu and Kashmir, is celebrated for its breathtaking landscapes, lush orchards, and historic Buddhist monasteries. Nestled between the Tibetan plateau and Kashmir, the valley is often called the “Orchard of Ladakh” due to its lush farmlands despite its seemingly arid appearance. The dramatic landscape accentuates the valley’s beauty, from moon-like winter vistas to verdant summer greenery. To reach Nubra, travellers cross the Khardung La Pass, the highest pass in the world. The region features cold deserts with dunes and unique Bactrian camels, highlighting its historical significance as a Silk Route trade hub. Nubra remains a vital centre for trade in woollen textiles and horticultural produce like apples, apricots, and walnuts.

Pangong Tso:

Pangong Lake, situated at about 4,350 meters in the Himalayas, is the world’s highest saltwater lake and a major attraction in Ladakh. Stretching 134 km, with one-third in India and the rest in China, the lake’s striking blue waters contrast vividly with the surrounding arid mountains. Its name, derived from the Tibetan word “Pangong Tso,” means “high grassland lake.” The lake is renowned for its dynamic colour changes, shifting between blue, green, and red. It is being considered for recognition as a transboundary wetland of international significance under the Ramsar Convention. Pangong Lake’s mesmerising beauty and unique attributes make it a must-visit destination, offering an experience that words can scarcely capture.

Turtuk:

Turtuk Village, nestled in Ladakh’s Nubra Valley, is a fascinating destination renowned for its unique mix of cultural heritage, historical significance, and natural splendour. Located at 2,900 meters above sea level, it is Ladakh’s northernmost point and lies 12 kilometres from the India-Pakistan Line of Control. Once part of Pakistan-administered Kashmir until 1971, Turtuk was incorporated into India after the Indo-Pak war and remained closed to tourists until 2010 due to its strategic location. The village showcases a unique cultural fusion of Balti, Tibetan, and Ladakhi traditions, with traditional Balti homes, mosques like the 16th-century Yabgo Khar, and vibrant local festivals. Surrounded by dramatic mountain landscapes, lush green fields, and the Shyok River, Turtuk is renowned for its fertile lands producing organic apricots and walnuts.

Tso Moriri:

Tso Moriri, also known as Lake Moriri, is a lake on the Changthang plateau in southeast Ladakh that is renowned for its breathtaking scenery. Between Ladakh in the north, Tibet in the east, and Zanskar in the west is the high-altitude lake. Pangong Tso and Tsomoriri are two of Ladakh’s most well-known high-altitude lakes. It is India’s highest saline water lake at 15,075 ft. The lake is only accessible during the summer because the area is covered in snow the rest of the year; its official name is Tso Moriri Wetland Conservation Reserve. Snowy peaks on the Changthang plateau are the source of the lake’s water. 

Two streams enter the lake, one from the north and one from the southwest, leaving extensive swamps in their path. The lake previously had a southern outlet, but it has now shrunk, leaving it landlocked, which has caused the lake to become saline. Locals used to draw salt from the lake until 1959. Alkaline and oligotrophic, the lake’s water supports a variety of nutrient-rich creatures. The Himalayan Lakes Classification classifies the Tso Moriri as a remnant lake, which is a lake that was once structural but now holds the remains of a much larger lake.

Kargil:

Kargil, the second-largest town in Ladakh, is strategically located about 200 km from Srinagar, Leh, Padum Zanskar, and Skardo Baltistan. Historically, as a significant trade hub for goods like tea, wool, and silk, Kargil gained renewed attention when it opened to tourists in 1974. The district was prominently featured in the 1999 Indo-Pak conflict, highlighting sites such as Tiger Hill and Tololing. Kargil is known for its rich cultural heritage, including Buddhist statues, ancient rock carvings, mosques, monasteries, and war memorials. It is administratively divided into 12 Niabats and four Subdivisions, governed by the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council established in 2003, which includes 30 members. The Deputy Commissioner of Kargil acts as both the administrative head and the Chief Executive Officer of the Hill Council.

How to reach

• By Air:

One of the easiest and fastest ways to reach Leh is by flight. The closest airport is Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport, about 4 km from the city centre. It is well connected to Delhi, Jammu, Srinagar, and other major cities of India via regular flights.

• By Road:

You can reach Leh by road from Manali, Srinagar, and other parts of India. The most popular way to reach Leh via road is by taking the Manali-Leh highway. This route is only open during May-September when the snow melts, and the streets are accessible. The route takes approximately two days to cover and passes through some challenging high-altitude terrain. The journey can be broken up by spending the night in one of the many towns along the route. The most popular stops are Keylong and Sarchu. During the journey, one can witness the beauty of the Himalayan mountains and enjoy camping and trekking along the way.

• By Train:

Unfortunately, there is no train service available in Leh or Ladakh. The closest railway station is Jammu Tawi, about 734 km away. You can take a taxi or a bus from Jammu Tawi to Leh.

Best time to visit Ladakh

The best time to visit Leh Ladakh is between May and September when the weather is enjoyable, temperatures are ideal for outdoor pursuits, and the roads are open. This period offers stunning scenery and is perfect for trekking, camping, sightseeing, and photography. The region’s lakes, mountains, and cultural sites, including Nubra Valley and Pangong Lake, are all accessible. From June to August, the tourist season peaks, making it essential to plan to avoid crowds and secure the best rates for accommodations and activities. The appropriate gear and clothing will enhance your comfort and enjoyment during the trip.

Languages spoken in Ladakh Region

In Leh, India, the official language is Ladakhi, a Tibetan dialect written in the Tibetan script. Most of the population speaks Ladakhi, which is used in religious ceremonies, rituals, and daily life. English is widely spoken in urban areas, while some residents speak Hindi and Urdu. Some Tibetan refugees residing in Leh also speak Ladakhi.

Attractions of Leh Nubra Turtuk Pangong Tso Moriri Kargil

Hall of the fame War memorial

The Hall of Fame War Memorial is located in Leh, Ladakh. It was established on April 8, 1996, by the Indian Army to honour soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the 1999 Kargil War. Constructed by the Kargil-based Victor Force, the memorial features a circular design with a marble monument and a bronze soldier statue. It includes a museum displaying weapons, uniforms, photographs, and other memorabilia from the war. A wall painted in the colours of the Indian flag lists the names of the martyrs, symbolising patriotism and national pride.

Shey Monastery

Shey Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in the Leh district in India. It was founded in the 16th century by the first incarnation of the King of Ladakh, Deldan Namgyal. It is the region’s largest monastery and home to more than 300 monks. The monastery is atop a hill 15 km away from Leh town and overlooks Shey village. It is one of the oldest Buddhist monasteries in the region and is known for its beautiful architecture and religious importance. The monastery houses many ancient manuscripts, murals, and artefacts. The monastery’s main highlight is its towering statue of the Maitreya Buddha, which stands nearly 5 meters tall. The statue is made of copper and has various intricate designs. The monastery also houses several other statues and murals depicting multiple Buddhist deities. The monastery is also known for its annual festival called Shey-Tiger. It is held in June and is celebrated with great enthusiasm. During this festival, the monks perform various rituals and prayers.

Thiksey Monastery

Thiksey Monastery, the largest gompa in Ladakh, is notable for its resemblance to Tibet’s Potala Palace and is a significant attraction close to Leh. Its main highlight is the Maitreya Temple, featuring a 15-meter tall Maitreya Buddha statue, the largest in Ladakh, spanning two floors. Belonging to the Gelug or Yellow Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the monastery also hosts the annual Gustor Festival in October/November, which includes a trade fair and social events. In the 15th century, Thiksey Monastery evolved from a smaller village monastery founded by Jangsem Sherab Zangpo in 1433 into a larger structure built by Palden Zangpo on a sacred hill known today as Thiksey Gompa.

Shanti Stupa

Shanti Stupa in Leh, a white-domed structure inaugurated by the 14th Dalai Lama in 1985, symbolises peace and harmony, celebrating 2,500 years of Buddhism. Built through a collaboration between Indian and Japanese Buddhists, the stupa blends Indian and Japanese architectural influences, featuring two levels with intricate carvings and statues representing key events and figures from Buddha’s life. The ascent to the stupa, marked by a steep flight of stairs, reflects the spiritual journey toward enlightenment. Shanti Stupa’s serene environment, combined with panoramic views of Leh and the Himalayas, offers a place for meditation and introspection, embodying the timeless teachings of Buddhism and promoting global peace.

Leh Palace

Leh Palace, a renowned landmark in Ladakh, was constructed in the 17th century by Tsewang Namgyal, the founder of the Namgyal Dynasty, and completed by his successor, Sengge Namgyal. Initially serving as the royal residence, the palace also housed stables and storerooms on its lower floors. However, by the mid-19th century, the royal family moved to Stok Palace, and Leh Palace was captured by Zorawar Singh Kahluria of the Dongra forces. The nine-story palace, which resembles the Potala Palace in Lhasa, is designed to stay cool in summer and warm in winter, constructed from wood, mud, sand, and stone. Visitors can explore 450-year-old paintings, crowns, and jewellery displayed within the palace, though photography is prohibited.

Leh Market

Leh is the capital of Ladakh, India. The Leh Market, located near the Leh Palace in the city’s old quarter, is the main shopping area. It operates daily except Sundays and offers a variety of local stores, restaurants, and hotels. The market features traditional Ladakhi products such as handicrafts, clothing, jewellery, musical instruments, and antiques. It is also known for its street food, including local specialities like momos (dumplings) and thukpa (noodle soup) and international options like pizzas and burgers. Additionally, the market has shops selling traditional Ladakhi souvenirs, Tibetan carpets, jewellery, prayer flags, and conventional medicine. The Leh Market is a great place to experience the culture and history of Ladakh.

Gurudwara Patthar Sahib

Gurudwara Patthar Sahib is a historical Sikh shrine near Leh, India, at approximately 4,000 meters (13,000 feet). It is dedicated to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, and is one of the highest Sikh shrines in the world. The Gurudwara is built in the shape of a rock and comprises four walls and a roof surrounded by a courtyard. Inside is a small room for prayers and kirtan (devotional songs). The shrine houses sacred relics, including a sword and a turban believed to have belonged to Guru Nanak and ancient manuscripts of Sikh scriptures. Gurudwara Patthar Sahib represents the connection between the Sikh faith and the people of Ladakh, reflecting Guru Nanak’s teachings of peace and love.

Magnetic Hill

Magnetic Hill, located near Leh on the Leh-Kargil-Baltik National Highway, is a captivating attraction known for its optical illusion that makes vehicles appear to roll uphill when parked on the incline. Situated about 30 km from Leh, the hill’s 11-degree slope and surrounding terrain create a visual trick that fascinates visitors and scientists alike. Local legends and beliefs contribute to its mystical reputation, with some attributing its effects to spiritual forces. The area also offers opportunities for stargazing and wildlife spotting, including foxes, Himalayan wolves, and snow leopards, making it a unique and enchanting destination in Ladakh.

Khardung La

Khardung La, situated in Ladakh, India, is one of the world’s highest motorable roads, reaching an elevation of 5,359 meters (17,582 feet) above sea level. This mountain pass connects Leh with the Nubra and Shyok valleys and is a crucial route to the Siachen Glacier, the highest battlefield. Historically, it was a significant trade route linking Leh to Central Asia, used by traders, pilgrims, and soldiers. Today, Khardung La offers stunning views of the Karakoram and Zanskar ranges and features a small market and a Buddhist shrine dedicated to the goddess Durga. The pass is generally accessible from May to October, with a paved road maintained by the Indian Army, though it may close due to weather conditions.

Diskit Monastery

Diskit Monastery, the largest and oldest Buddhist monastery in the Nubra Valley of Ladakh, India, was founded in the 14th century and is affiliated with the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Located at 10,315 feet, the monastery boasts a prominent prayer hall with a massive Maitreya Buddha statue. It also contains sacred manuscripts, Buddhist texts, and intricate frescoes. It also houses the hand and head of a defeated Mongol demon, symbolising historical significance. The monastery operates a school for Tibetan children and is renowned for its Dosmochey festival, celebrated in July with vibrant mask dances. The complex, home to 100 monks, includes smaller temples and stupas and is located near the Nubra River, offering a rich cultural experience.

Shyok River

The Shyok River is significant in the Ladakh region of India and is a major tributary of the Indus River. It originates from the Rimo Glaciers in the Karakoram Range and flows approximately 534 km southwest through Ladakh, eventually joining the Indus River near Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The Shyok River supports a variety of wildlife and vegetation and provides essential water for irrigation and drinking to the local population. It is also home to fish species such as mahseer and snow trout.

Changla Pass

Changla Pass is a mountain pass in the Himalayan range in Ladakh, India, located at 17,586 feet (5,360 meters) above sea level. It is on the road from Leh to Pangong Lake and is the third-highest motorable pass in the world. It is open from June to September due to snow blockage in winter. Changla Pass is a popular destination for trekking and biking and also serves as a gateway to attractions like Tso Moriri Lake and Tso Kar Lakes. It was historically a part of the ancient Silk Road and had strategic importance. The Indian Army uses it as a supply route for regional troops.

Rancho School

Rancho School is an educational institution located in the remote village of Phyang in Ladakh, India. Founded in 2008 by Sonam Wangchuk, it emphasises innovative and holistic education focused on sustainable development and self-reliance. It serves over 100 students aged 6 to 18, promoting experiential learning, cultural exploration, and problem-solving. The school also works to preserve and promote local traditions and culture through cultural festivals and workshops. Rancho School has been recognised for its innovative approach and was awarded the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 2014.

Tso Kar Lake

Tso Kar Lake, situated at 4,595 meters (15,080 feet) in Ladakh’s Changthang Plateau, is the second-highest lake in India. This high-altitude wetland complex includes the freshwater Startsapuk Tso and the larger hypersaline Tso Kar, known for its white salt margins due to evaporation. The lake is a vital habitat for diverse wildlife, including endangered species like the saker falcon, Asiatic wild dog, snow leopard, migratory birds, and the rare black-necked crane. Fed by glacial meltwater, Tso Kar is surrounded by an arid climate and is notable for its clear, shallow waters. Although less famous than Pangong and Tso Moriri, Tso Kar offers a serene, untouched environment ideal for photography and reflection. The lake, accessible from Leh, is best visited between May and September and features several campsites, lodges, and homestays for visitors.

Puga Hot Spring

Puga Hot Spring is located in the Changthang region of Ladakh, India, at 14,000 feet. It is one of the highest hot springs in the world and is known for its mineral content, including sulfur, magnesium, calcium, and iron. The hot spring offers therapeutic benefits for skin and joint issues. It is situated near the Sumdo village on the banks of the Puga River and is accessible by car or motorbike, with the drive taking around 2 hours from Leh. The best time to visit is during the summer, from April to October. The water temperature varies between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius, and immersing oneself in the natural pool helps relieve joint pain and respiratory issues.

Tanglangla Pass

Tanglang La, or Taglang La, is a high-altitude mountain pass in Ladakh, India, at 5,328 meters (17,480 feet). It is the last pass encountered from Manali to Leh and the first when travelling in the opposite direction. Despite claims on a board at the pass that it is the second-highest in the world, it is ranked around 12th. The pass features challenging road conditions and is known for causing altitude sickness among travellers. It offers breathtaking views of the Zanskar, Karakoram, and Great Himalayan ranges and is home to wildlife such as Himalayan marmots, blue sheep and snow leopards. Accessible from May to October, Tanglang La is a popular spot for adventure seekers and bikers, providing access to high-altitude lakes and glaciers.

Alchi Monastery

Alchi is a fertile village located 70 km west of Leh, along the River Indus, known for its lush apricot orchards and significant historical and cultural heritage. The town is home to the Alchi Monastery, one of Ladakh’s oldest and most valuable Buddhist sites, founded in the 11th century by the translator Rinchen Zangpo. The monastery features Tibetan-style architecture and a complex of temples with intricate murals and sculptures. The main structures include the Dukhang (Assembly Hall), Sumtsek Temple, and the Manjushri Temple, all adorned with ancient frescoes depicting Hindu and Buddhist themes. Alchi Monastery is renowned for its preserved artworks, including a giant Buddha statue and unique chortens (stupas). The monastery and surrounding temples, notable for their historical significance and artistic excellence, are essential stops for visitors interested in Ladakh’s rich Buddhist culture.

Lamayuru Monastery

Lamayuru, located 127 km from Leh on the Leh-Srinagar Highway, is renowned for its ancient monastery and unique lunar landscape. Perched at an altitude of 3,510 meters, the Lamayuru Monastery, founded in the 11th century by Naropa, is a prominent Tibetan Buddhist gompa belonging to the Red Hat Sect. The monastery, known for its striking frescoes, masks, and Naropa’s meditation cave, consists of several temples, including the main assembly hall and the Sumtsek Temple. It features vibrant wall paintings and sacred statues, including a giant Avalokitesvara statue. Lamayuru is also famous for its annual Yuru Kabgyat festival, which includes masked dances and ritual burning of effigies. The monastery’s rich history, linked to ancient lake legends and significant Buddhist traditions, combined with its dramatic “moonscape” surroundings, makes it an important cultural and historical site in Ladakh.

Food of Ladakh

Famous Food You Should Try during Leh Nubra Turtuk Pangong Tso Moriri Kargil Tour:

• Thukpa: 

Thukpa is a traditional Ladakhi noodle soup known for its hearty and flavorful qualities. It is made with various vegetables, meat, and spices and is traditionally enjoyed in winter to keep warm. The soup is often served with toppings like cheese, scallions, and chilli sauce and can be customised with hot sauce and chilli paste. Thukpa is a popular and essential dish in Ladakhi cuisine, offering a comforting, nutritious, and satisfying meal year-round.

• Skyu: 

Skyu is a traditional dish from Ladakh and Tibet in the Himalayas. It consists of barley flour, vegetables, potatoes, yak meat, and steamed or boiled dumplings. Skyu is traditionally served on special occasions and enjoyed as a snack, often accompanied by tea. It is a popular and hearty dish among the people of Ladakh and Tibet. The dish is a notable part of the local cuisine and is enjoyed by locals and visitors.

• Momos:

Momos are a traditional Tibetan and Nepalese dish. They are steamed dumplings made of wheat flour and filled with various ingredients, such as vegetables, potatoes, and yak meat. Momos can be served either as a snack or as a main course. The dough is usually steamed, although some people prefer to fry them. A spicy chutney or a tomato-based dipping sauce typically accompanies momos.  Momos are traditionally steamed but can also be fried. They are served with a chutney or sauce and sometimes accompanied by a soup. Momos have become increasingly popular in Ladakh and are now served in restaurants, cafes, and street stalls. They are a popular snack among locals and tourists alike. Momos like cheese, chicken, and beef are often served with various fillings and flavours. Momos are a great way to taste Ladakh’s unique cuisine. They are a flavorful and convenient snack that can be enjoyed anytime.

• Chutagi: 

Chutagi is a traditional sweet delicacy popular in the Ladakh region of India. It is made with apricot kernels, sugar, and other ingredients such as almonds, walnuts, raisins, and cardamom. The apricot kernels are soaked overnight, ground into a paste and mixed with sugar. The mixture is boiled until it thickens, then formed into small balls and fried in ghee until golden. Once fried, the balls are coated with sugar and served as a sweet treat. It is usually served during festivals, weddings and other special occasions. The crunchy, sweet treats are often served as a part of Ladakhi cuisine, either as a dessert or as a snack.

• Tak-Tok: 

Tak-Tok is a traditional Ladakhi dish made from dried apricots, sugar, butter and dried fruits. It is a type of sweetmeat typically served as a dessert. The apricots are first cooked in sugar and butter until they become soft and sweet. Then, they are mixed with dried fruits such as almonds, walnuts, raisins and dates. The mixture is then formed into small balls and rolled in sugar. This sweetmeat is a popular delicacy in Ladakh and is often served at celebrations, festivals and special occasions. It is a simple yet delicious dish that locals and tourists enjoy. Tak-Tok is a great way to end a meal or serve as a snack.

• Thenthuk: 

Thenthuk is a traditional dish originating in Ladakh, India. This noodle soup is made with various vegetables, meat, and spices. It is a hearty and comforting dish popular among locals and travellers. The noodles are hand-pulled and served in a savoury broth with various vegetables. Common ingredients include potatoes, carrots, onions, and cabbage. Thenthuk is often served with a side of rice or flatbread. The dish can also be garnished with coriander leaves and chilli flakes for added flavour. The soup is usually enjoyed as a meal or paired with other dishes. The dish is popular in Ladakh and is served as part of a meal or as a snack. It is usually topped with fresh herbs such as cilantro and spices such as cumin, coriander, and turmeric. The soup is traditionally served with butter and some freshly squeezed lemon juice.

• Chang:

Chang is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented barley popular in Ladakh, India. It is produced by malting barley and fermenting it with yeast, typically over several days. Traditionally, it is served in a wooden bowl called a kutri and is often flavoured with hops, spices, and fruits. Chang is a popular beverage in Ladakh and is brewed and served in many homes and restaurants. It is made by boiling and crushing the barley, then fermenting it in a container for 1-2 days. The liquid is then filtered and served cold. It is usually enjoyed with meals or as an aperitif and is said to have a pleasant taste. Chang is a healthy beverage, rich in minerals and vitamins, and has low alcohol content. The method of brewing Chhang has been handed down through generations and is a vital aspect of Ladakhi culture. Chhang is believed to have medicinal properties and is said to help cure various illnesses. Chhang is made in multiple flavours, including salty, sweet, and sour. Chhang is served in a variety of ways, including straight, mixed with tea, or mixed with other beverages.

• Paba:

Paba is a traditional dish in Ladakh, India. It is a thick, creamy soup made with lentils, potatoes, spinach, and spices. Paba is usually served with steamed rice or chapati (Indian flatbread). The soup is often cooked in ghee (clarified butter) to enhance its flavour and aroma. It is a hearty, comforting dish perfect for cold winter days. Paba is said to have originated in the Himalayan region and is now famous throughout the Indian subcontinent. Paba is a popular dish amongst the locals and is often served as part of a festive or celebratory meal. It is also served as a part of a traditional Ladakhi thali. The soup is hearty, frequently spiced with garam masala, cumin, coriander, and chilli powder. The dish is usually garnished with freshly chopped cilantro for flavour and aroma.

• Chhurpe:

Chhurpe is a type of dried yak cheese that is popular in Ladakh, India. It is made by drying a mixture of yak milk and butter for several days. The resulting cheese is crumbly and slightly salty, with a unique aroma. Chhurpe is often used as a topping for Ladakhi dishes, such as thupka and momos. It can also be eaten as a snack on its own. It is usually formed into blocks of various shapes and sizes and is used in multiple savoury and sweet recipes. The cheese is a staple of the Ladakhi diet and is high in protein and calcium. It can be served as an accompaniment to many dishes, including tsampa (roasted barley flour), thukpa (noodle soup), or as a snack with tea. Chhurpe also has medicinal properties and is known to help with digestion. The cheese is traditionally made in the winter, when yak milk is plentiful, and is preserved for the rest of the year.

• Apricot Jam:

Apricot Jam is a popular sweet treat in Ladakh, a region in the Indian Himalayas. Apricots are a staple in Ladakh, and making jam is a way of preserving the fruit for longer. Apricot jam is made with fresh apricots, sugar, and spices like cardamom and cinnamon. It is often served as a topping for traditional Tibetan pieces of bread and on toast or pancakes. The jam is also used in traditional dishes like thukpa and momos, adding a sweet and sour flavour. The apricot trees are native to the high-altitude regions of Ladakh, and the apricots are harvested in the summer months. Apricot jam is made by boiling the apricots with sugar and lemon juice and stirring until the mixture thickens. The jam is then poured into sterilised jars and sealed. It is a famous bread, toast, and crackers spread and can be used as a dessert topping. Apricot jam is a popular part of Ladakh’s traditional cuisine and is served in many homes and restaurants.

Traditional Dresses of Ladakh

Traditional Dresses of Ladakh that You Can Wear during Leh Nubra Turtuk Pangong Tso Moriri Kargil Tour:

• Ladakhi dress – Goncha and Sulma:

The traditional dress of Ladakh is called the Goncha and Sulma, a combination of Tibetan and Indian styles. It consists of a long, ankle-length robe with a wide neckline, worn over a full skirt and trousers. The Goncha is made from a thick, heavy, woollen material, usually in bright red, yellow, green, and blue. The Sulma is made from a lighter material, such as cotton or silk, and it is usually in more muted tones, such as cream or beige. Both men and women wear the Goncha and Sulma, often decorated with traditional Ladakhi embroidery. The Goncha is generally worn in winter, while the Sulma is more suitable for the hot summer. It is typically worn with leather boots and a tall cylindrical hat called a topi. The Goncha and Sulma is the traditional dress of the Ladakhi people and is an integral part of their culture and identity.

• Changpa nomads dress – Kos Kar:

The Changpa nomads are a Tibetan nomadic tribe that inhabits the Changtang Plateau in the Indian Himalayas. Their traditional dress is called Kos Kar and consists of a long-sleeved tunic, a long skirt, and a heavy woollen shawl. The tunic is usually in shades of blue, while the skirt is generally in shades of yellow. The shawl is customarily crafted with geometric designs and can be styled differently. The Changpa also wear heavy winter coats made from sheepskin and yak hair, which protect them from the cold and wind. Jewellery is also popular among the Changpa, with necklaces, bracelets, and earrings made from silver and semi-precious stones.  The Changpa Nomads are known for their colourful and unique dress style, and the Kos Kar is an integral part of their wardrobe. The coat is typically worn in winter and can be made in various colours and designs.

• Ladakhi headdress – Perak:

The perak is a traditional Ladakhi headdress worn by both men and women. It is a stiff conical cap made from felt, typically with a colourful silk or cotton scarf wrapped around it. It is often adorned with coins, beads, and other decorative elements and is used to accessorise traditional Ladakhi costumes. The perak is usually worn during special occasions such as weddings, festivals, and religious ceremonies. It is an essential symbol of Ladakhi culture and identity and is a sign of status and respect. It is also seen as a sign of respect when greeting elders and dignitaries. The Perak is often decorated with intricate embroidery and beadwork and is worn with a traditional Ladakhi dress.

• Ladakhi headdress worn by Muslims – Jugin:

The Jugin is a traditional Ladakhi headdress traditionally worn by Muslim men and women in the Ladakh region of India. It is a type of turban usually made of wool, cotton, or synthetic fabric and is decorated with intricate embroidery and colourful beads. The Jugin is worn as a symbol of respect, a sign of maturity and wisdom, and a symbol of religious faith.  It is usually worn around the forehead and knotted at the back. It is decorated with colourful embroidery or tassels. The Jugin is believed to keep the wearer warm and is considered a sign of respect. It is also used to identify the wearer’s religion.

• Drokpa headdress – Tepi:

The Drokpa headdress, also known as the Tepi, is a traditional headdress worn by the nomadic Drokpa people of Ladakh. It is a large, colourful headdress characterised by its tall, conical shape and intricate embroidery. It is typically made from wool and decorated with elaborate patterns, often featuring geometric motifs, religious symbols, and abstract designs. The Drokpa headdress represents the wearer’s personality and status within the community. The Drokpa headdress is one of the most iconic pieces of traditional Ladakhi clothing. The headdress is typically wool and decorated with brightly coloured fabric, mirrors, beads, and tassels. It is exclusively worn by married women and is thought to safeguard them from misfortune and evil spirits. The headdress also indicates the wearer’s social status, with the headdress’s colour and design indicating the woman’s wealth and status.

• Zanskari cap – Serpo Tipi:

The Zanskari cap, also known as the Serpo Tipi, is a traditional hat from the Zanskari region of Ladakh, India. It is typically made of wool and is decorated with colourful embroidery and beads. The cap is often used to protect the head from cold winds and harsh weather conditions. It is also frequently worn as part of a traditional costume and symbolises the region’s culture and heritage.  The cap is usually decorated with colourful embroidery and tassels, worn by both men and women. It represents the unity of the Zanskari people and is often used in ceremonies and festivals to honour the gods.  The traditional design of the cap has remained unchanged for centuries, and it is still worn by many Zanskari people today. 

• Cape – Yogar and Lokpa:

The Yogar and Lokpa Ladakhi dress is a traditional type of clothing originating in Ladakh, a region of India located in the Himalayan Mountains. The dress consists of a long, loose-fitting tunic-like garment called the yogar, usually made of light material such as muslin, and a pair of wide-legged trousers known as the lokpa. The outfit is generally brightly coloured and decorated with intricate patterns. It is typically worn with a wide belt, a long scarf often draped around the shoulders or head, and traditional footwear such as boots and sandals. The dress symbolises Ladakhi culture and is usually worn by men and women during festivals and other special occasions.

• Ladakhi shoes – Pabu:

Ladakhi shoes, also known as Pabu, are a traditional footwear style from the Ladakh region of India. They are handmade from leather and felt and feature a distinctive design with an upturned toe and a flat heel. The uppers are decorated with colourful embroidery and beads; the soles are typically leather or rubber. Pabu is often worn with the traditional Ladakh robes known as Goncha and Perak. The shoes protect from the elements and are perfect for trekking and other outdoor activities. They are also popular among tourists visiting the region and can be found in many shops in Leh and other towns. The shoes are also known for their durability and can last for many years if properly cared for. Both men and women traditionally wear Ladakhi shoes, although their popularity has increased among women in recent years.

• Ladakhi amulet – Kau:

The Kau is a traditional amulet from Ladakh, which was thought to bring good fortune and protect its wearer. It is usually made from silver or copper and is often shaped like an eye or a sun. The Kau charm is believed to ward off negative energy and evil spirits. Many Ladakhis wear Kau as a necklace or keep it in their pocket for protection. The Kau is also known as a “Kul” or “Kulman” in Ladakhi and is sometimes referred to as a “Ladakhi eye”. The Kau is also a symbol of Ladakhi culture and is often worn by Ladakhis as a sign of pride. 

• Ladakhi hat – Tipi:

The Ladakhi hat, or Tipi, is a traditional head covering worn by the people of Ladakh in the Himalayan region of India. It is made of thick wool, is usually embroidered in bright colours, and is shaped like a cone with a flat top. The hat usually has a colourful woven band around the base and a tassel or pompom at the top. This hat is often worn as part of a traditional costume. Women wear hats, frequently decorated with colourful tassels, coins, and beads. It is believed to protect the wearer from the harsh elements of the region, such as the cold and the sun.

• Designer clothes – Jigmat Couture, Namza Couture, Zilzom:

Designer clothes in Ladakh are becoming increasingly popular among locals and tourists alike. Traditional Ladakhi clothing features intricate designs and bright colours, but more modern designs are now available. Local designers are creating unique pieces that reflect the culture and spirit of Ladakh. Popular items include traditional tunics, shawls, and more contemporary pieces like jackets and trousers. Many of these items are made with local fabrics and materials, making them even more special. With the rise of eco-tourism in Ladakh, many of these items are made from sustainable materials and sold reasonably.

Jigmat Couture: Founded in 1998, Jigmat Couture is a premier designer clothing store in Ladakh, India. The store specialises in traditional Ladakhi and Tibetan clothing. It offers a wide selection of traditional garments, including robes, tunics, skirts, and sashes, all made from the finest quality fabrics. Jigmat Couture also offers a wide range of accessories, such as jewellery, hats, scarves, and slippers.

Namza Couture: Founded in 2006, Namza Couture is a leading designer clothing store in Ladakh, India. The store specialises in traditional Ladakhi and Tibetan clothing and contemporary styles. It offers a wide selection of garments, including robes, tunics, skirts, and sashes, all made from the finest quality fabrics. Namza Couture also offers a wide range of accessories, such as jewellery, hats, scarves, and slippers.

Zilzom: Founded in 2013, Zilzom is a luxury designer clothing store in Ladakh, India. It specialises in high-end designer clothing and offers a wide selection of garments, including robes, tunics, skirts, and sashes, all made from the finest quality fabrics. Zilzom also provides a wide range of accessories, such as jewellery, hats, scarves, and slippers.

Festivals of Ladakh

Sindhu Darshan:

Sindhu Darshan is an annual festival celebrated in Ladakh, India. The festival highlights the importance of rivers in Indian culture, specifically, the Indus River, which holds deep religious and spiritual significance for Hindus. The festival features various events, including music, dance, religious ceremonies, sports competitions, adventure sports, and boat races. It also includes lectures and seminars on environmental, education, and health topics. The festival is celebrated from June to October every year. It is attended by locals and tourists worldwide and celebrated on the full moon day of Guru Purnima. The festival also celebrates the region’s rich culture, traditions and heritage. It is a two-day event with competitions like boat races, traditional costume shows and folk dance performances. There are also cultural programs, exhibitions, and seminars on topics related to the Indus Valley civilisation. The festival aims to bring people of the two countries together and foster friendship, understanding and communal harmony.

Losar Festival:

Losar Festival is a significant religious festival celebrated in Ladakh, India. It is the celebration of the Tibetan New Year and marks the beginning of the new year on the Tibetan calendar. The festival is typically held in February or March and is celebrated with immense joy and enthusiasm by the people of Ladakh. The festival includes traditional rituals and customs, such as offering prayers to the gods, exchanging gifts and traditional meals, playing traditional games, dancing folk, and performing the conventional ‘Chham’ dance. The festival also includes traditional arts and crafts, such as painting, wood carving, and rug weaving. Losar Festival is an essential event in Ladakh, and people of all ages celebrate it.  It is celebrated for 15 days and is a time of joy and celebration. The main attractions of this festival are the colourful costumes and the traditional dances and ceremonies. People also participate in traditional activities such as archery, horse racing, and other sports. People exchange gifts and prayers with each other and pray to the gods for a good year ahead. This festival is a time of renewal and hope. The festival is celebrated to mark the end of winter and the beginning of spring, symbolising the victory of good over evil.

Hemis Festival:
The festival is held annually in Ladakh, India, on the 10th day of the Tibetan lunar calendar, typically in June or July. The festival honours Padmasambhava, the founder of Tibetan Buddhism, and is celebrated in Hemis Monastery, one of Ladakh’s most essential and oldest monasteries. The festival includes traditional dances, music, and rituals and is attended by thousands of people from all over the region. During the festival, the monastery walls are decorated with colourful prayer flags, and monks perform a special cham dance, which is said to bring good luck and prosperity to the region. The festival includes a fair, where local villagers sell their wares and a procession in honour of Padmasambhava. The festival’s highlight is the dance of the oracles, called the Cham dance, which the monastery monks perform. A festival is a great place to experience Ladakh’s vibrant culture and witness the region’s rich Buddhist traditions.

Wildlife of Ladakh

Snow leopard (schan):

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), a large cat species, inhabits the mountainous regions of Central and South Asia. In India, it is predominantly found in the Himalayan region of Ladakh. It thrives at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 4,500 meters (8,200 to 14,800 feet). These elusive and solitary creatures are well-adapted to their cold, rugged environment, with thick fur, broad paws, and a long tail that aids in balance on steep terrain. Snow leopards are opportunistic hunters, preying on small mammals like marmots, pikas, and hares and scavenging when necessary. Unfortunately, snow leopards face severe threats from habitat loss poaching and struggle with livestock for food. Since 2003, They have been classified as Endangered by the IUCN mainly because of poaching for their fur and body parts.

In Ladakh, snow leopards inhabit alpine and subalpine zones, particularly in the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges. The local population is estimated to be between 20 and 50 individuals. To safeguard these animals, the Indian government has classified them under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, offering the highest level of protection. Conservation initiatives, such as the Ladakh Snow Leopard Conservation Project, focus on reducing conflicts between humans and snow leopards and raising awareness about preserving this endangered species.

Asiatic ibex (skin):

The Asiatic ibex (Capra sibirica) is an endangered species of wild goat found in Ladakh, India. It is the most widespread wild goat in India and is found in the Himalayan regions of Ladakh and other mountainous areas. The species is known for its unique and beautiful skin, used for various purposes, including clothing, accessories, and interior design. The fur of the ibex is generally pale to dark brown, with a white underside. The Asiatic ibex is also hunted for its meat eaten in some areas of Ladakh. The species also faces threats from habitat loss caused by overgrazing and infrastructure development. Its long, curved horns serve as protection and for territorial displays. Currently, it is classified as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN.

Black-necked crane (Cha thung-thung):

The Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis), also known as the Tibetan Crane or Himalayan Crane, inhabits the high-altitude wetlands of the Tibetan Plateau. With a population of around 10,000 individuals, it is classified as Endangered. This large bird has a 4.6 to 5.6 feet wingspan and a body length of 41 to 46 inches. Adults feature a black head and neck, white cheeks, a red crown, and a white body with grey wings and tails. Found in India, Bhutan, Nepal, and China, it migrates from India and Nepal in winter to Tibet and China for breeding. The crane feeds on insects, small mammals, and seeds, which are vital in wetland ecosystems. Revered in Asian cultures for symbolising luck and longevity, it faces threats from habitat loss, illegal hunting, and tourist disturbances. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, legal safeguards, and raising public awareness.

Blue sheep or bharal (napo):

The Blue Sheep or Bharal (Napo) is a species of wild sheep native to the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas. They are most commonly found in the Ladakh region of India, where they are an essential part of the local culture and economy. The Blue Sheep is found in various habitats but is most commonly found in alpine meadows and grasslands, where it feeds on various grasses and herbs. They are also known to feed on lichens, mosses, and shrubs. The Blue Sheep is a large mammal with a thick, woolly coat that is usually greyish-blue but can vary from white to black. It has a large head, short legs, and a short tail. The Blue Sheep is an important prey species for predators such as the snow leopard, lynx, and wolf. Humans also hunt it for its meat and its hide. It is the only species of wild sheep found in Ladakh and is one of the region’s most iconic species. The blue sheep is an important prey species for the snow leopard and other predators. Humans also hunt it for its meat and fur. The blue sheep is shy, elusive, and found in the region’s high-altitude alpine meadows and rocky terrain. It is well adapted to the extreme cold and rugged environment of Ladakh. The blue sheep is a keystone species in Ladakh’s fragile alpine ecosystem and maintains the delicate balance of the region’s biodiversity.

Ladakh pika (zabra):

The Ladakh pika (Ochotona ladacensis), also known as the zebra pika, is a small, daily mammal native to the high-altitude mountains of Ladakh, India. It has thick, dark fur, a lighter belly, and a rounded body. Found at elevations between 3,000 and 5,000 meters, it lives on rocky slopes, making burrows and feeding on grasses, herbs, lichens, and other vegetation. As prey for predators like snow leopards and Himalayan wolves, the Ladakh pika is crucial to the local ecosystem. Listed on the Endangered Red List by the IUCN due to habitat fragmentation and degradation. Conservation efforts involve creating protected areas and raising local awareness.

Chukar partridge (srakpa):

The Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) is a gamebird species native to Ladakh in the Himalayan region of India. It is a bird species in the Phasianidae family found in alpine, steppe, and semi-desert habitats. It is a medium-sized bird, approximately 29 cm (11.4 in) in length, and is characterised by its grey-brown plumage, black and white barring on the wings, and a white throat and breast. It forages for food on the ground and eats various seeds, insects, and other invertebrates. The male Chukar partridge is known for its distinctive call, a loud, ringing ‘chuk-chuk-chuk-chuk’. The Chukar partridge is found mainly in rocky terrain and is relatively tolerant of human disturbance. It is a famous game bird and is hunted for sport in Ladakh. The Chukar is a monogamous species, with the males and females forming a pair bond. The female lays up to 9+ eggs in a ground nest and incubates them for approximately 21 days. The chicks are ready to leave the nest within a few days of hatching.

Eurasian lynx (each):

The Eurasian lynx, found in the mountainous regions of Ladakh, Northern India, is the largest of the four lynx species, weighing between 18 and 30 kg. It has a distinctive appearance with thick fur, a neck ruff, long ear tufts, and a coat that ranges from yellowish-brown to greyish-brown, with a white chest and belly. This solitary, nocturnal cat is an adept climber, preying primarily on small mammals like hares, rodents, and birds and occasionally on young deer and sheep. Preferring dense forests at 3,000 to 5,000 meters elevations, it is elusive and threatened by hunting, habitat loss, and fragmentation. The Eurasian lynx is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Golden eagle (laknak):

The Golden Eagle (Aquila Chrysaetos) is a majestic bird of prey found in Ladakh, India, and is one of the most widespread raptors globally. In Ladakh’s barren mountains, it preys on small mammals, birds, and occasionally livestock and scavenges from carcasses. With a wingspan of up to 2.3 meters and speeds reaching 75 miles per hour, the Golden Eagle is a powerful and solitary bird, sometimes seen in pairs. It is essential for maintaining balance in the local ecosystem. Protected by Indian wildlife regulations, conservation efforts by the Ladakh Wildlife Department aim to safeguard its population.

Himalayan marmot (Phila):
The Ladakh Himalayan marmot (Phiya rufescens) is a species of marmot native to the Himalayan region of Ladakh, India. It is the only species of marmot found in this region and is one of the least-studied mammals in the world. This species is classified as Endangered because of its restricted range and decreasing population.

The Ladakh Himalayan marmot is a small, stout-bodied rodent with short, dense fur. Its head and body length range from 22-33 cm, with a tail length of 8-13 cm. It is greyish-brown on the upper parts and lighter on the underparts, with a dark mid-dorsal stripe. Its ears are short and rounded, and its tail is short and bushy. The Ladakh Himalayan marmot inhabits high-altitude alpine meadows and grasslands in the Himalayan region of Ladakh. It is active during the day and is mainly a herbivore, feeding on grasses, herbs, and other vegetation. It is social, living in colonies of up to 30 individuals, and is known to dig burrows for shelter. The main threats to the Ladakh Himalayan marmot are habitat loss and degradation due to overgrazing and climate change. The species is also affected by predation from wolves, foxes, and raptors. Conservation measures for this species include habitat protection, monitoring of population trends, and research into its ecology.

Himalayan vulture (thang-kar):

The Ladakh Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis) is a critically endangered raptor native to the Himalayas, with a population of about 400-500 individuals. It is one of India’s six vulture species, notable for its large size, with a wingspan of up to 2.3 meters and a weight of up to 10 kg. This scavenger is crucial in cleaning the environment by feeding on carrion. 

Threats to its survival include habitat loss, poaching, and poisoning from diclofenac, a drug used in livestock that is deadly to vultures. Conservation efforts focus on creating safe havens, reducing diclofenac use, and enforcing protection laws like the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) lists the species as Near Threatened, indicating a risk of becoming endangered, and ongoing conservation efforts are essential to prevent further decline.

Ladakh urial (shapo):

The Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei ladacensis), also known as the shapo, is an endangered wild sheep found in the higher altitudes of Ladakh in the Indian Himalayas. It is India’s giant wild sheep with a unique colouration and coat pattern. Its horns are more slender than other species of wild sheep and are typically about 70 cm long. The Ladakh urinal inhabits rocky slopes and alpine meadows at altitudes between 3,500 and 5,500 meters above sea level. Its diet consists of grasses, herbs, and shrubs. The species is threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and competition with domestic livestock.

The Ladakh urial is found in the cold desert areas of Kargil and Leh districts of Ladakh, at altitudes of up to 5,200 meters. Its primary habitat is in rocky, mountainous terrain. The Ladakh urial is brownish-grey with a distinctive white chest and belly. It also has a unique black facial stripe running from the base of the horns to the muzzle. The male’s horns are large and curved, and the females are smaller. They are usually solitary or found in small groups and are active during the day.

Lammergeier (skiaklag):

The Lammergeier, or Bearded Vulture, is a striking bird of prey found in Ladakh, recognised for its large size and distinctive grey and black feathers. It primarily feeds on bones from large mammals like sheep and goats and inhabits mountainous regions. Listed as ‘Near Threatened’ by the IUCN and The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection, research, and education. The Lammergeier is unique to India, threatened by habitat loss and persecution. It has a large wingspan, feeds on carrion, and is social, often seen in flocks of up to 20. These birds are monogamous, nesting in rocky cliffs and laying one to three eggs annually.

Mountain weasel (lakimo):

The Ladakh Mountain Weasel, or Lakimo, is a critically endangered species unique to Ladakh, India. It has a reddish-brown coat with a white-tipped tail and lives in rocky, mountainous areas. The Lakimo feeds on small mammals, birds, and insects. Its main threats include habitat loss from human activities, hunting, and climate change. Conservation efforts include protected areas and breeding programs, but further research is needed to assess its population and conservation effectiveness.

Red fox (waste):

The Red fox is a common resident of Ladakh and is found in the region’s alpine and subalpine areas. It has a reddish-brown coat and is often seen scavenging for food in villages and towns. The Red fox is a resourceful and opportunistic hunter, preying on small mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, and other invertebrates. It is also known to feed on carrion and garbage, making it a nuisance to people living in the area. The red fox is essential to its ecosystem because it helps manage the populations of small mammals and other prey animals. However, Ladakh has been known to prey on livestock like goats and sheep, so it’s essential to protect animals when living in areas inhabited by foxes.

Tibetan antelope (tsos):

The Tibetan antelope, or chiru, is a medium-sized antelope native to the Tibetan Plateau in Ladakh, India. Adapted to the region’s high altitude and cold climate, it has a light grey-brown coat, black-and-white markings on its face and legs, and long, curved horns. Males are more significant than females, with a body length of up to 1.2 meters and shoulder height of up to 0.8 meters. The antelope feeds primarily on grasses and sedges and is most active in the morning and evening. It is critically endangered due to poaching for its prized shahtoosh wool used in luxury shawls. The IUCN lists it as critically endangered because of its declining population from illegal hunting.

Tibetan argali (nyan):

The Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsonii), also known as the nyan, is a species of wild sheep native to the high mountains of the Tibetan Plateau. It is the world’s largest species of wild sheep and can weigh up to 300 kg (660 lbs). The IUCN Red List designates the species as Vulnerable, and its population is declining. The Tibetan argali is found in the eastern Kashmir region of Ladakh, in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau, and the northern parts of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. The species inhabits rocky terrain and alpine meadows, usually over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The Tibetan argali is an herbivore, feeding mainly on grasses, herbs, and shrubs. Local shepherds and trophy hunters hunt the species and are vulnerable to habitat loss due to grazing, mining, and infrastructure development. Conservation measures to safeguard the species include protecting their habitat and enforcing hunting regulations.

Tibetan gazelle (gowa):

The Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) is a species of gazelle found in the high altitudes of the Himalayas, including in Ladakh. It is an integral part of the local wildlife, a keystone species that helps maintain the alpine ecosystem’s delicate balance. The species is known for its swiftness, and it is capable of outrunning most predators. It is primarily a grazer, consuming a variety of grasses, forbs, and lichens. Tibetan gazelles are social animals that typically form herds of up to 20 individuals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the species as Near Threatened because of threats like habitat loss, overgrazing, and poaching.

Tibetan wild ass (kiang):

The Tibetan wild ass, also known as the king, is an endangered species native to the highlands of Ladakh. It is the largest of the wild equids and is adapted to living in the harsh environments of the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau. The king is an herbivore, feeding on grasses, herbs, shrubs, and other vegetation. It has a thick, woolly coat, long ears, and a stubby tail. The king is a social animal, travelling in small herds and communicating with each other through high-pitched squeals and whistles. The kiang population is decreasing due to habitat loss and poaching, and only an estimated 2000 individuals are left in the wild.

Tibetan wolf (shank):

The Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) is a subspecies of the grey wolf found on the Tibetan Plateau and in northern India, including Ladakh. Its thick, soft fur, broad head, small ears, black-and-white muzzle and chest distinguishes it. Typically nocturnal, it is most active during dawn and dusk. Tibetan wolves live in various habitats, such as grasslands, shrublands, alpine meadows, and cold deserts. They mainly eat small mammals like pikas, hares, and rodents but also scavenge for carrion and waste. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has listed the species as Near Threatened.

Woolly hare or Tibetan hare (ribbon):

The woolly hare, also called the Tibetan hare or ribbon, is a species native to the high-altitude areas of the Himalayas, including Ladakh. It is a medium-sized hare with a body length of up to 40cm. Its fur is a wintry white-grey, giving it excellent camouflage in its alpine habitat. The woolly hare is primarily an herbivore that feeds on grasses and other low-growing vegetation. It is nocturnal and solitary, spending the day in burrows or among rock crevices and emerging to forage for food at night. Due to its attractive fur, the hare is vulnerable to poaching but is also threatened by habitat loss and competition with other species.